Human Cloning free essay sample

Biotechnology is a field of biology that involves the use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine and other useful applications. The concept of this field includes a range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes. One major subject in biotechnology is human cloning. This is the asexual creation of a genetically identical copy of a human, human cell or a human tissue. It is a controversial issue and there are many reasons for and against cloning human beings. Many scientists are saying that human cloning is a positive thing, such as Dr Ian Wilmut. He said [Human] cloning promises such great benefits that it would be immoral not to do it. Cloning a human would involve removing the nucleus from an unfertilised egg cell, transferring a nucleus from a mature (or somatic) cell into the egg cell, then stimulating the egg to divide and transplanting it into the surrogate mother to grow. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Cloning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many positive outcomes as a result of human cloning. A large problem in todays society is infertility. Many couples are unable to have children of their own due this problem of infertility. Cloning human beings is one solution for this natural problem. It is a medical breakthrough that could provide couples with children of their own. Although the couple could adopt, they might want a baby of their own. Human cloning allows an infertile couple to have children that are genetically theirs. Some mothers want to go through the pleasure of actually having a baby, which is why cloning would be a better idea for them, rather than adoption. Human cloning can also help in cases where a parent has an inheritable genetic defect or disease. It would provide a better chance of having a healthy child, with no inherited genetic diseases. Human cloning has also been seen as a solution to gay and lesbian couples wanting children. Cloning will allow gay and lesbian couples to produce a biologic offspring. Many people in our society are affected by genetic diseases. A genetic disease is an illness passed on, through genes, to generations of a family. Advances in human cloning will help people to replace defective genes with healthy ones. Cloning humans and cloning technologies can also help researchers in the field of genetics. They might be able to understand the composition of genes and genetic diseases in a better manner. The real benefit of cloning humans is that genes will be able to be altered, thus genetic diseases can be removed from the offspring. This will help and benefit the health of future generations. The most deadly disease that scientists might cure would be cancer. Cancer strikes 125,000 people each year, and approximately 2. 2 million cases have been documented. According to â€Å"Why Clone Human Embryos? † â€Å"Oncologists believe that embryonic study will advance understanding of the rapid cell growth of cancer. Altering genes in a cloned human can also allow scientists to reproduce a certain trait in humans. They would be able to produce people with certain qualities, traits and characteristics, making humans more evolved and able to adapt quicker to the changing environment. Although there are many advantages to human cloning, there are also some disadvantages. Cloning is not yet sufficient or correct. It is a major scientific challenge to create a perfect clone and there are still side effects and health problems relating to cloning animals, let alone human beings. The real question with cloning humans is If animals cannot be cloned to be perfect how can they create a perfectly functioning human clone? With animal cloning, there have been a variety of abnormalities, including kidney, liver, heart, blood vessel, skin, muscles and immune system problems. There are also problems with gigantism and many limb and facial abnormalities. The same problems would be expected when cloning humans. 95-99% of cloned embryos, including humans, die before birth. Advanced Cell Technology found that 25% of clones showed severe developmental problems soon after they were born. Statistics also show that there is more than a 50% chance of the cloned human being born with abnormalities. With these statistics, it is clearly shown that there is not a good possibility of the human embryo living passed birth. Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning and the lack of understanding, many scientists believe that it would be highly unethical to start cloning humans. Scientists also do not know how cloning humans could impact the mental development of a clone. The mental development of a human is crucial for the growth of healthy humans. Cloning humans, at this stage, would be ethically irresponsible. Cloning also has a major ethical side to it. Many people believe that it is wrong to play God and genetically alter humans qualities and traits through cloning. They also believe that cloning humans causes destruction to the embryo. The Roman Catholic Church, under Pope Benedict XVI, has condemned the practice and creation of human clones. The Dignitas Personae states that it represents â€Å"a grave offence to the dignity of that person as well as to the fundamental equality of a people. † Christians and Jews oppose human cloning and call it highly unethical and unnatural. Paul Billings, co-founder of GeneSage, stated â€Å"there is no right to have a genetically related child, cloning is not safe, cloning is not medically necessary, and cloning could not be delivered in an equitable manner. † Furthermore, The House of Representatives passed the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001 to ban all cloning in Australia. This act was passed on and made official in December 2006, although therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia. Many people still disagree about cloning humans, as scientists have not yet made a perfect clone. Molecular biologist Kathy Hudson said â€Å"But Im not sure it will ever be ethical to prove that it is safe because that would involve human beings in those experiments – and is that ethical? † Human cloning could be a medical breakthrough for the future, but currently it is unsafe and highly unethical to experiment on human embryos. The risks of abnormalities are too high to start cloning humans and the consequences of something not working in cloning are huge. With so many unknowns concerning cloning, the attempt to clone humans at the moment is considered dangerous and ethically irresponsible. Human Cloning free essay sample The idea of human cloning is truly bewildering. Combined with genetic engineering, it is the stuff of legendary science fiction. Imagine a human being created to be the epitome of perfection in all aspects; appearance, intellect, and health. It would be as though we were gifted with an evolutionary leap into our own futures long before it arrives on an intellectual level, and on a physiological level perhaps attaining a perfection of health and body that could have never existed. With great intellect comes great discovery, and humans are truly incapable of imagining with accuracy what the future holds, for example, there is no limit to the potential contributions that a clone manufactured to become the most intelligent human ever to exist could bring forward. When stated in this way, the idea of cloning humans sounds ultimately good. Surely such an individual would be treasured by our world, and valued for their accomplishments and benefits to humanity. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Cloning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The revelations that could be brought forward, the cures for disease, the greater understanding into what makes a human a human, the fundamental principles of the creation of life beyond what we currently are aware, these are all found in the study and experimentation of human cloning. But what would be the cost? Dr. Ian Wilmut, the man responsible for successfully cloning the sheep Dolly in 1996, claims that we should not clone humans for intelligence because genes are only part of what makes one a genius. Wouldn’t this proposal be precisely why we should or would want to clone a human? By knowing before their existence that this human clone would have the potential to advance science, technology, or culture, and then proceeding to make investment in their futures by providing optimum environmental factors such as training and opportunity they very well could surpass the original genetic source. Human cloning results in a child born into a forced existence, not simply allowed. Clones are not planned due to emotional bonds nor do they come about through random happenstance of the enjoyment of sexual procreation, therefore they would never truly be viewed as natural or belonging to the species, and could never be allowed that which every person birthed with intent is entitled: the state of being wanted and loved simply because they became. This argument of equal existence jeopardizes the potential for agape love, and many other positive emotions. The emotions felt toward the clone could not necessarily be negative and perhaps would be most beneficent, for many arguments such as the infertile couple or the couple wishing to clone their deceased child would certainly love the child as parents are apt to do, but on the clone’s behalf this love will be eventually recognized as directed toward them not because of their many traits and qualities as an individual, but because of what they are. They will only be loved for the idea of that which they represent – the impossible child or the replacement. Imagine you are the first cloned human. You are special. You are different. You are unlike any other living creature on the planet. You have no â€Å"true† mother and father; you are a collection of cells manipulated into stopping and starting in a Petri dish to eventually result in the form of a human being. There were potentially hundreds of other â€Å"babies† of you but the majority of them were mutated through mistakes, destroyed intentionally, or died before being birthed. Up to 30% of the others like you were born, but with disabling and debilitating conditions which most likely left no alternative other than euthanization. There may be more like you created, who would have the same genetic advantages and no apparent negative genetic mutations, but what if they thrived on a higher level or contributed more than you are capable? How does this make you feel? As if you weren’t living up to expectations? Kantian theory holds that a person is always to be treated as an ends and never only a means. When looked at through a physiological viewpoint the cloned person is not exactly like the clone. Nuclear transfer does not produce 100% genetic identity (Brock), nor does it account for nature versus nurture factors. There is no guarantee of the possibility to produce a clone with the same capabilities of potential of their predecessor. Little is known about whether it is at all possible, and without human cloning experiments we may never know. Any attempt to complete these experiments, since they would be performed using humans as a test subject, would absolutely quantify the clone as a means without ends in themselves. In order to establish what we would need to know to weigh the benefits against the consequences of human cloning, we would have to first deny the rights to autonomous life and happiness of the individual. Clones in all forms would, by most, be treated as representations of people, but not as equal peoples. Throughout history the human race has shown great difficulty in accepting many forms of alternative or non-traditional customs, values, and beliefs which do not coincide with the â€Å"norm†. Racism, Sexism, and Homophobia are all testament to humanity’s intolerance of perceived extreme differences. Wars are waged on a daily basis throughout the world due to the human incapability to settle matters civilly, mostly due to greed and corrupt power, and many of those wars result in the deaths of innocent people who have no part nor say in the issues at hand. Another argument that human clones would not be considered equal people addresses that they are a manufactured production and their creation is based primarily in economic utility. Before they are even born they are perpetual slaves to science and society (Myerowitz, 2004), potential profit to investors, and as being such are not privy to rights and issues of equality that would interfere with those aspects which were determined before their creation. Human cloning is the coercion of life for purpose, through and for profit. Whether human cloning is performed under the guise of emotional fulfillment to bereaved parents, or to that of scientific and psychological studies of genetic dominance, emergent traits, or differences in the effects of environmental standards makes no difference to the ends of the clone. Most certainly there are laws that prevent abuse and exploitation of children and others, and it is supposed that these laws and rules would be applied to clones as well, but there is a considerable difference between a naturally born human child and a genetically engineered human clone child. Which of these two children require an exorbitant investment of resources and wealth to produce? This circumstance ensures that the clone not only is assigned moral or ethical value, but a monetary value as well. I am unable to ration something as costly as the creation of potential as not being seen as an investment, or worse, a possession. In virtue ethics, the question of What sort of person should I be? (Rsrevision,) is posed by those looking to determine the good of their actions. When applied to the subject of human cloning the question is removed by the creators and is replaced with the question, ‘What sort of person should the clone be? ’ The scientist experimenting would be performing a practice. This would involve unique skills. If the reason for experimentation is for the good of society then it would be considered an internal good and acceptable. However if experiments are being carried out for the sake of wealth/fame/honor then these would be external goods and not as worthy. Predetermining a person’s life demonstrates extreme hubris on behalf of all involved in creation – even those who would do nothing other than allow it. Even if for the sake of a greater good, human cloning could not be seen under these circumstances as a virtuous procedure. With any possession without direct concept, design, and intent of creation by a lone individual there is an unclear issue of property ownership. Should you say that a human clone could not be considered property, examine that this parentless child is produced into a system of life with intent. A human clone would doubtfully be created just to see if it could be done, as the life of an individual, particularly the life of an infant to child, holds ethical value to all humanity and the cost of creation would be too high to be charitable without purpose. Most likely the motives behind human cloning would be for more direct purpose, such as coercing the existing genetic potential of an individual into something greater using variable environmental factors and encouraging more emergent traits that may not have become apparent in the natural human from which the clone was derived. Those individuals which are responsible for the upbringing of the human clones ultimately have direct motive to produce the desired outcome of the clone’s future. Now some would argue that this is the same view that most parents hold over their children (Woodhouse) – their child is their property and the parents plans are made to direct that child toward both the immediate actions and future actions of the parents choosing. Just as with the parental child, the cloned child would be treated as such, but the intention of the natural parent is most times to establish a point in time which the child would become an autonomous being and no longer dependent on the parent as they are then capable of making their own choices. With the cloned child there would be no such point of autonomy, as the experiment in itself is a controlled study, and that control is required to illicit the product or goal which was intended before the creation. Here, we could also entertain the potential for government intervention and interference. US federal government has already implemented that no federal funding may be used for the purpose of human embryonic research or cloning. The United State’s FDA and state governments already are regulating human cloning (Hamburg, 2009). Any procedure of genetic cloning without the direct permission of the FDA is a violation of federal law and anyone involved with such experiments would face legal prosecution which includes penalties of up to 10 years in prison and fines upwards of $1,000,000. 0. Without definite guidelines from the US federal government, many states have written their own legal policies and laws to establish what is and is not acceptable in the field of human cloning and genetic engineering (Denver office, 2008). The American Medical Association has also made public their stance on the topic of human cloning, claiming that too little at this point is known to establish re ason to go into human cloning, as well as potential issues with social reaction and legislation being vague (American Medical Association, 2008).

s Critical Thinking

I will be showing Walton’s fallacies in the texts I use on â€Å"Communication Between Divorced Parents†. I will demonstrate by using Walton’s fallacies how some parents remain friendly and put the children first in divorce situations. I will also demonstrate Walton’s fallacies on how other parents don’t have anything good to say about each other and tend to put the children in the middle. I will then be able to understand the dynamics of divorced parents better and how miscommunication affects their future communications. Some problems can be overcome with planning and forethought, as we have seen, but this eventuality is difficult to guard against, the best advice being the fullest possible airing of views on every aspect of the topic before marriage (Shreeve, 89). I believe that this fits well with Walton’s argument as a reasoned dialogue. In discussing these issues the couple will go through all types of dialogue: quarrel, debate, persuasion to get the other person to see their point, negotiation to come to an agreement, information seeking – asking further questions, action seeking, and even educational. After applying Walton’s dialogue they will have aired their views on every aspect of the topic of marriage. So thrash out the whole approach you should adopt with your partner beforehand. And however, desperately unhappy and bitter you may feel yourself, make an enormous effort not to let this spill out into your relationship with your child or children – especially if their existence contributed to the stresses that finally broke your marriage (Shreeve, 91). I believe that the author is using Walton’s argument as reasoned dialogue here for the parents to put a plan together on how they are going to handle the children and how they are going to behave towards it each. The author is telling them to go through Walton’s process. I see Walton’s process being used to its fullest here. There will be ... 's Critical Thinking Free Essays on Walton\'s Critical Thinking I will be showing Walton’s fallacies in the texts I use on â€Å"Communication Between Divorced Parents†. I will demonstrate by using Walton’s fallacies how some parents remain friendly and put the children first in divorce situations. I will also demonstrate Walton’s fallacies on how other parents don’t have anything good to say about each other and tend to put the children in the middle. I will then be able to understand the dynamics of divorced parents better and how miscommunication affects their future communications. Some problems can be overcome with planning and forethought, as we have seen, but this eventuality is difficult to guard against, the best advice being the fullest possible airing of views on every aspect of the topic before marriage (Shreeve, 89). I believe that this fits well with Walton’s argument as a reasoned dialogue. In discussing these issues the couple will go through all types of dialogue: quarrel, debate, persuasion to get the other person to see their point, negotiation to come to an agreement, information seeking – asking further questions, action seeking, and even educational. After applying Walton’s dialogue they will have aired their views on every aspect of the topic of marriage. So thrash out the whole approach you should adopt with your partner beforehand. And however, desperately unhappy and bitter you may feel yourself, make an enormous effort not to let this spill out into your relationship with your child or children – especially if their existence contributed to the stresses that finally broke your marriage (Shreeve, 91). I believe that the author is using Walton’s argument as reasoned dialogue here for the parents to put a plan together on how they are going to handle the children and how they are going to behave towards it each. The author is telling them to go through Walton’s process. I see Walton’s process being used to its fullest here. There will be ...

The Causes of World War One and Two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Causes of World War One and Two - Essay Example He then maintained a non-aggression and cordial relationship pact with Russian. However, Kaiser Wilhelm 11, his successor, dismissed him in 1890. Kaiser Wilhelm 11 could not renew the pact arguing that it was logically inconsistent with Germany’s commitments to Austria Hungary. The Russian foreign affairs ministry maintained friendly relations with Germany. However, the Russian military insisted that a new alliance with France was more important for Russia’s national security. Consequently, the Tsar military aid opened direct talks between the French and Russian generals of staffs. Despite the reservations of professional diplomats, the generals persuaded Tsar Nicholas 11 and the French cabinet to sign the pact. The secret military convention was signed in 1892 and later ratified in 1894. There was the crow memorandum of 1907. This treaty gave rise to the Anglo-Germany antagonism. Influential career diplomat Sir Eyre Crowe spearheaded this treaty in 1907. This was brought about by the fact that Great Britain considered France as the most serious threat to its African and Asian interests. However, under a strong fear of Germany in 1904, the British concluded the â€Å"entente cordiale† with France. This was a friendly resolution of differences in Africa. The British inspired this resolution after they stood firmly beside France against Germany in the first Morocco crisis. Germany had protested forcefully against the creation of a French protectorate in Morocco. In the memorandum, Crowe sought to persuade the British foreign secretary, Sir Edward Grey, to conclude a similar agreement with Russia. This led to† Anglo Russian entente† of 1907 that paved way for diplomatic cooperation and joint military planning between France, Russia, and Great Britain. Crowe considered Germany as the greatest peace threat in Europe. There were four major diplomatic crises in Europe from 1905 to 1913.

Analyzing Geoff Moore's Chasm Model Research Paper

Analyzing Geoff Moore's Chasm Model - Research Paper Example This group needs to be first taken into consideration for they would help in endorsing the new technology being introduced. The second group relates to such people who are known as the early adopters. These people tend to identify the benefits related to a technological innovation and thereby tend to increasingly link such benefits to the operations conducted in their firm or organization. Further these people tend to work more based on the level of their intuition and thereby does not tend to depend on any referred source of study or knowledge. The third adopter segment identified in this model is referred to as early majority. Like early adopters these people also work on their level of intuition in regards to decision making or purchase actions. However unlike early adopters these people work in a pragmatic fashion such that they measure or evaluate their actions against referred or authentic sources of information. Hence they not only successful into entering new territories but also can gain high amount of revenue and profits. Another adopter group in the fourth category relates to late majority people. These people however tend to avoid being drawn to new technologies or innovations. Rather they tend to depend on standardized and well recognized sources to gain resources for their business. Thus gaining over this source helps the research and development team to counter the loss of profits and rather meet the expenses incurred. The final group of adopters in the fifth category relate to a population known as laggards that do not go for new technology products. Rather they tend to depend on other products for their survival. Moore’s Chasm thus refers to the difference between the two segments of technological diffusion relating to the early adopters and the groups known as the early majority. The first group is understood as potential visionaries that tend to bring about new thoughts and ideologies while the latter are held to depend on pragmatic id eas (Dams 88; Moore 12-13). The Chasm Model in Regards to Consumer Behavior The Chasm theory of Moore’s when dealt in regards to consumer behavior identifies early adopters as those people that rush over to the market place in sight of new technology or products being introduced. In other words the early adopter group of consumers tends to take to higher purchase risks in that they go for untested products that have been introduced in the market. However it must also be understood in here that the early adopters also endeavor to look for specific value in regards to the products they ought to procure from the market. Thus a separate culture needs to be developed where the consumers would be introduced to the values and benefits they ought to obtain from the product or service. Unlike the early adopters the early majority consists of such population groups that would not go for rightly procuring a product or service unless and until they have rightly evaluated such to satisfy their needs and aspirations. Henceforth these people need not be introduced to values and benefits of the products. Rather they endeavor to conduct a market research on the people who have been using such product or service. The process through which the behavior pattern of the early adopters can be infused to look for proper benefits and positive experiences before procuring such can be held as a means to earn a breakthrough in

The Eight Principles Of Total Quality Management Information Technology Essay

The Eight Principles Of Total Quality Management Information Technology Essay Total Quality Management is a process that ensures continuous improvement for an organisations future. It is a management system with customer satisfaction as a continual goal. It is TQMs goal to integrate a sense of quality into the culture of how an organisation is run. It hopes to merge different internal branches of an organisation (finance, Communications, RD etc.) and link them all with quality being their main goal, with a view to continual customer focus. This system of management contains 8 principles which are vital in implementing this strategy into an organisations culture. These principles combined with effective leadership should result in a company doing The Right Things Right, First Time. TQM stems from the principle that It is easier to control systems than it is people. Companies depend on their customers to keep them in business. It is essential that a company can keep their customers happy by ensuring that the products received are fit for their intended use. It is also very valuable if a company can foresee future customer needs to ensure they keep the customer base in the future. Here the company can ensure that all its new objectives are customer satisfaction based and can later apply measuring techniques to see if their approach is effective (customer surveys etc.) Leadership Total quality should be adopted into the culture of the organization so proper leadership should create an environment where this is possible. The objectives should be clearly laid out with an emphasis on customer satisfaction. A leader should ensure that all employees are fully aware of their importance to the organisation and should eliminate fear and promote trust. Involvement of People Every person within the organisation must be utilized for their specific skills so everyone is contributing to the organizations goals. This helps create a sense of unity and purpose and leads to a better working environment. This leads to people being accountable for their work and serves as a baseline for quality. It involves people sharing ideas and practices and leads to better trouble shooting. Process Approach The objectives should be clearly outlined and all personnel should be aware of hoe the process will be managed and undertaking. This removes the waste of resources and ensures all efforts are placed on defined essential tasks. This helps increase the rate of work and processes are finished faster. If the process has been properly defined and it has to be repeated, the exact same system can be used as it has been documented and this will further increase efficacy of the work in the future. Systems Approach to Management If you can define interrelated systems, they can be correlated and run under one management guise. Running these various operations under one system leads to more effective work and allows the system to be monitored more easily and have data compiled on the systems efficacy. Through this monitoring continual improvement can be scored and documented. By aligning different departments within an organisation, more focus can be placed on key goals and confidence in the work will be widespread. This can lead to greater results faster. Continual Improvement This is to be a permanent goal for every process undertaken within the organisation. By training staff to use the various continual improvement tools available, a company can leap on an improvement opportunity before others. This could possible open up a new customer market that was previously unavailable. Factual Approach to Decision Making Decisions should be made based on analysis of sound data and intensively researched information. This removes poor decision making from an organisation and sets a baseline for decision making in the future. This can also help the ability to demonstrate how effective past decisions were by checking factual data. The factual data can help access the outcome of the decision and help removes decision making based on intuition alone. Mutually Beneficial Supplier relationship A relationship based on mutual benefits is very healthy and ensures that both parties have each other interests in focus. This will help create value for both companies if some parameters are set correctly. Open communication must be maintained and key objectives and future plans must be known to both parties. If both parties can pool their resources and both have a strong view towards customer satisfaction then waste of resources can be minimised and activities can be improved on both sides. Implementing TQM: TQM is a complex management system that will require a lot of input from all people involved in the company. However, the most important initiating step is to get full commitment from the companys senior management. Without this a proper plan cannot be devised and TQM will not work. A quality team or quality council must be set up among senior managers. Here ideas can be exchanged and improvements to specific parts of the company devised. Here it will also be decided who is to implement certain changes and a system of quality reporting must also be set up. There should be a quality improvement team and also a quality planning team set up. These teams should contain people who represent all areas of the organisation and have a high standard of knowledge of their individual departments. It is essential that the individual department are not run separately, but rather as one large system to ensure full communication remains and key objectives can be achieved faster. Once senior management have become involved the next step is to make middle management aware of the transition. This will involve meeting between middle management and the personnel who report to them. Here all staff will be educated about the forthcoming move to TQM and a series of plans will be set in motion. Here the staff should constantly retrain and each department should develop new experts to keep a focus on continual improvement. A mission statement of the organisations quality policy is a great way to start. From here a series of plans and a systematic approach can be developed to convert the companys operations to one of total quality. This change is very serious and without full commitment and proper planning can fail easily. The first thing a company must do is assess their current state. Here a management audit is a valuable tool and can easily identify the companys health. If the company is in poor health (quality standards low, reactive decisions, and poor managerial skill) then TQM will be near impossible to implement. However, if a company can agree that its current level of management, organisational culture and work ethos are suitable to TQM, then the process can develop from here. Benefits of TQM: Once an organisation has been converted to a system of total quality management, the organisation may be able for ISO 9000 accreditation. This is an internationally recognized standard of quality that has a major impact on how your organisation itself and the process that are undertaken are viewed by the public/possible customers. Having this accreditation will also greatly benefit the organisation from a financial point of view. Getting insurance for large companies can a massive financial burden and being ISO 9000 approved means you are more likely to be insured. This will help protect the organisation from possible liable action. The main benefits internally are a new streamlined system for operations. Increased workmanship due to work ownership/accountability and this leads to constant quality. Increased readiness for the future market and a removal from a reactive decision making process and overall improved stability within the market and increased staying power. Disadvantages of TQM: A main concern of implementing total quality management is the initial set up cost. Here employees will have to attend training that will take away from their usual duties and cause a dip in productivity. Due to all the changes implementing TQM will cause, there is a school of thought that thinks employees will doubt the security of their positions. This may lead them to becoming resistant to change and as a result, slow down the implementation stages and the efficacy of TQM. The results which are desired from TQMs implementation may also take years to see, this can lead the employees feeling that their input was of little use and the project was a waste of time. TQM can also tie a business to a certain set of plans that may span years. This can lead the company down an inflexible route when it comes to future prospect and developments. Instead of the company continually focusing on the goals TQM was supposed to tackle, the main focus in put on finishing the implementation stage. As a result, the company ends up with a major organisation change but the highlighted problems still exist and more time will have to be delegated to solving these at a later time. This again all leads to a drop in current productivity and the business retains its previous efficacy with no notable improvements being recognisable.

The Unjust Execution Of Socrates :: essays research papers

The Unjust Execution of Socrates In the vortex of life, many evils have transpired. Vices such as plagues, unforeseen deaths, and corruptness. Among the tragic acts of malefic proportion was the death of the Greek philosopher, Socrates. He tried to prove and invalidate many theories through reasoning, and he was murdered for his beliefs. His execution was not justified because the charges that were brought against him were false and unfounded. The fist crime that Socrates was charged with was that of impiety. This charge was invented primarily to discredit him and make him unpopular with the citizens. The charge was that of not acknowledging the same gods that the state believed in. Throughout the book, Socrates refers numerous times to the fact that it is because of the gods that things are as they seem to be. "Do you suggest that I do not believe that the sun and moon are gods, as is the general belief of all of mankind?" (57). The fact that Socrates did not publicly speak about the gods attributed to the fact that the charge was heresy. Socrates maintains that he is not like other philosohers. He is a free-thinker, and his beliefs are those of private and intimate thoughts of Gods. Socrates also states that he is not a teacher, however he was not at all happy with the analogy, but took it as a compliment and used it in his defense. He used these accusations to his advantage by saying that he never charged charged anyone for believing or listening to them. The combination of these arguments should have cleared Socrates of the charge of heresy. The second charge brought against Socrates was that of corrupting minors. Socrates battled this charge through the use of the same arguments. The argument that he did not consider himself a teacher, the fact that he never accepted any money for talking or listening to people, and the fact that he believes in gods are what Socrates used to defend himself. By confronting the accusation that he was corrupting the minors, Socrates tried to clear himself by manipulating his arguments so that Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon (the men who brought both charges against Socrates) had to answer questions about these charges. When the questions of Socrates were placed before Meletus, his answers seemed to have proven that Socrates was innocent. However, when the verdict was announced, it demonstrated the opposite. Upon hearing the verdict, GUILTY, it was plain to see that the Greek assembly was like every other political assembly, corrupt. "I should never have believed that it would be such a close thing; but now

What Do You See as Some of the Crucial Roles of Informal Language in Contemporary Australia?

Informal language has a variety of functions in Australian society. What do you see as some of the crucial roles of informal language in contemporary Australia? Informal language has a variety of functions in Australian society. The main function of informal language has to do with Australia’s culture. Slang and informal language gives a sense of belonging, pride, mateship, informality and laid-backness, which is an accurate description of a typical Australian. In Australian society slang is a common feature of spoken and written conversation. The expletive bloody is very common in Australian language. Bloody is quite typical of Australian language that it can be used as a hyphen in many various words and phrases, for example â€Å"fan-bloody-tastic†. The suffix on the end of bloody is another feature worth noting as it does emphasise the Australian accent. Bloody has now become an important indicator of Australianness and of cultural values such as friendliness, informality, laid-backness, and mateship (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob, ABC Books 2012). The word mate, which is another way of saying friend, is typical Australian slang and it is mainly used in an informal context. The word mate suggests openness, at least to a relationship of equals (Richard Castles, The Big Issue 4-17 November 2008). The openness created from using the word mate is a positive face feature possibly leading to build rapport. There are right and wrong times to use slang and with the word mate for example, calling a woman mate runs the risk of offence, as it's an ambiguous word and in a formal situation like a job interview, using the word mate especially referring to if it is your boss, is not something that is acceptable depending on the relationship with the person.